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ObjectiveTo review the information and clinical studies of oral Chinese patent medicines （CPMs） for chronic kidney disease （CKD）. MethodThe CPMs for treating CKD were retrieved from the Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China， National Essential Drugs List， and Medicine List for National Basic Medical Insurance， Employment Injury Insurance and Maternity Insurance. China National Knowledge Infrastructure（CNKI）， VIP， Wanfang Data， SinoMed， PubMed， Embase， Cochrane， and Web of Science were searched for the clinical trials of the treatment of CKD by CPMs from their inception dates to September 25， 2022. A database was established with the collected CPMs， and then the general conditions of the clinical trials were analyzed and presented visually. ResultA total of 16 CPMs for CKD were included in this study， including 5 classical traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） prescriptions involving Rehmanniae Radix and 11 new CPMs. The indications of the TCM prescriptions did not mention the corresponding western disease names， and those of the new CPMs mainly included chronic renal insufficiency， chronic renal failure， and chronic nephritis. Four CPMs were prepared with single Chinese medicine or active components. Specifically， Bailing Preparation and Jinshuibao Preparation were mainly prepared with the powder of Cordyceps， and the main components of Haikun Shenxi capsules and Huangkui capsules were fucoidan sulfate and the flower extract of Abelmoschi Corolla， respectively. The CPMs mainly exerted tonifying and eliminating effects on the lung， spleen， and kidney. A total of 892 clinical trials were screened out， covering all the areas in China and presented an increasing trend. Bailing Preparation was the most studied， followed by Niaoduqing Preparation. Among the 892 studies， 475 focused on single CPMs without combination with other CPMs or therapies. These studies mainly compared between conventional intervention and conventional intervention + CPM， which accounted for 75.58%. The 475 studies covered different kidney diseases， such as chronic kidney disease， chronic renal failure， nephrotic syndrome， diabetic kidney disease， IgA nephropathy， and membranous nephropathy， and involved a variety of populations including the elderly and children. Thirty-six studies evaluated TCM syndromes， reflecting the characteristics and advantages of TCM treatment. ConclusionThere are abundant oral CPMs for CKD， with varied efficacy and characteristics for different kidney diseases. However， the instruction manuals of the oral CPMs are not detailed or standard. According to the clinical research evidence in this field， the research on oral CPMs for CKD is characterized by a wide scope， rich study types， and wide disease coverage， while the sample size and quality remain to be improved.
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Objective To study the application value of iodixanol in gemstone spectral imaging with low CT dosage.Methods Forty hundred and twenty -six cancer patients with normal kidney function were selected .All of them underwent enhanced gemstone spectral CT scan with low dosage .They were individed into two groups with random number table,including observation group(n=213) and control group(n=213).The observation group was injected isotonic iodixanol ( 270 mgI/mL ) intravenously , while the control group was injected hypertronic iohexol (350mgI/mL) intravenously.With the same injection speed,the acute adverse reaction within 1h and delayed adverse reaction between 1h～7d were recorded.Meanwhile,the changes of Scr and Ccr ,the occurrence rate of contrast -induced nephropathy(CIN) and short -term prognosis were also recorded.Results Fifty-three patients occurred acute adverse reaction,among them 18 cases(8.45％) were in the observation group,35 cases(16.43％) were in the control group,there was statistically significant difference between the two groups (χ2 =10.791,P<0.05).Three patients(1.50％) of the control group occurred delayed adverse reaction ,no one was in the observation group .The adverse reaction disappeared after some time .Two kinds of contrast media caused slight increase of Scr and decrease of Ccr,but there were no statistically significant differences between them (all P>0.05).Conclusion The intrave-nous injection of iodixanol can reduce the occurrence of acute adverse reaction ,will not increase the incidence of CIN . It can be used safely .